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| Waltraud Meier as Isolde at Bayreuth (dir. Heiner Müller; cond. Daniel Barenboim) |
(This is the text of a paper given at this year's OBERTO conference at Oxford Brookes. Click here for a report on the conference as a whole.)
I should like to start with the
twenty-first century, before returning (as I seem to have been doing all my
academic life) to Wagner, before tracing my way back to our own time. We all, I
suspect, have strong operatic memories: our first time, no doubt (I have always
been inordinately proud, and inordinately ready to bore people with this fact,
that my first opera in the theatre was Wozzeck), but also particular moments in
performance, whether of staging, of singing, of conducting, of some or all
three of those, and more. I certainly remember the first time I heard – and
interestingly, saw – Waltraud Meier on stage. It was as Ortrud at Covent
Garden, in 2003. For whatever this might be worth, I remembered nothing of
Elijah Moshinsky’s production of Lohengrin, despite it being my first; I was –
in retrospect, at least – surprisingly impressed by Valery Gergiev’s
conducting; but it was Meier, perhaps above all in the first act, who provided
my abiding memory. There is an irony there, in that Ortrud has precious little
to sing in that act. What struck me – in my memory, continues to strike me –
was the extraordinary presence she had on stage, despite the paucity of vocal,
let alone solo vocal, work. I had not even heard of her at the time, but as
soon as she stepped on stage, I could not take my eyes off her. She did not
seem to play a role; she simply was Ortrud, a feeling I have had many times
since in performances she has given – and indeed in performances other similar
‘singing actresses’ have given. This was already a fully formed character, one
with dangerous, indeed seductive charisma. I felt rather as I did as a child
watching wearily predictable cartoons: it was the supposedly evil character
who, for once, I wanted to win. In a way, of course, she does, this being a
tragedy; or rather, Lohengrin does not win. She certainly won in the
memorability stakes.
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| Meier as Waltraute, again at Bayreuth (dir. Kupfer; again cond. Barenboim) |
Now back to Wagner, but first to
one of his greatest inspirations, Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient.
Schröder-Devrient was, for a period of about twenty years, from the mid-1820s,
perhaps the most celebrated German operatic soprano. She was the daughter of a
celebrated actress, Sophie Schröder, and interestingly, made her first stage
appearances in spoken theatre, before making her operatic debut, at the tender age
of sixteen, as Pamina in 1821. Wagner knew her principally from her work in
Dresden, but she had an international career, across German speaking countries,
and indeed beyond, in Paris and London too. It seems that the claims of vocal
flaws – the English critic Henry F. Chorley wrote of the ‘barbarism’ of the
‘false school’ of ‘nature-singing’, ‘a more absurd phrase was never coined by
ignorance conceiving itself sagacity’ – were not groundless. Stephen Meyer, who
has looked at the Dresden parts for Halévy’s La Juive – conducted by Wagner
himself, who always greatly admired it – has found coloratura simplified and
even eliminated in order to accommodate her voice. Chorley complained, ‘What [Guiditta]
Pasta would be, in spite of her uneven, rebellious, uncertain voice – a most
magnificent singer – Madame Schroeder-Devrient did not care to be.’ That,
apparently, was a consequence of German antipathy towards ‘grace, taste, and
vocal self-command … the characteristics of the Italian method.’ (Just in case
you thought it was only we Teutonophiles who could sometimes be slighting about
other traditions…)
However, other critics – often,
but not always German – lauded her as what we have come to know as a ‘singing
actress’. Reviewing her 1828 performance in Weber’s Euryanthe, Ludwig Rellstab
was kinder to her voice, but was nevertheless clear that the voice in itself
was not the thing:
Madame Devrient possesses the
purely musical gifts of a singer, namely, voice and the school of solfège, only
to a moderate degree, although her talents are always worthy of praise. Yet she
has brought the art of declamatory song and its connections with exceptionally
effective drama to a level seldom otherwise attained. At many times, she shows
herself a worthy daughter and student of her mother, whose tragic art was
recognised and honoured throughout Germany.
One may note there the phrase
‘purely musical’: Wagner would persistently lament the degeneration of opera
into something purely musical, or the realm of ‘absolute’ music. Such was the
vapid realm – for him, that is – of Rossini’s vocal display, or worse. Rellstab,
in an article on Schröder-Devrient for the 1834 Neue Zeitschrift für Musik,
compared her to those ‘singers [who] almost never achieve a truly artistic
performance, because they have prioritized a completely superficial, mechanical
training of the singing organ.’ Wagner, in his 1872 essay, On Actors and
Singers, which he dedicated to her memory recalled:
I have time and time again been
asked whether her voice were really so remarkable, since we glorified her as a
singer—the voice being all people seem to think about in such a case. It
constantly annoyed me to answer that question, for I fought against the thought
of the great tragedian being cast into the same group as the female castrati of
our opera. If I were asked again today, I should answer in the following
manner: ’No! She had no “voice” at all; but she knew how to use her breath so
beautifully, and to let a true womanly soul stream forth in such wondrous
sounds, that we thought neither of voice nor of singing!’
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| Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, 1804-1860 |
Wagner’s Schröder-Devrient conversion
experience, or at least his retelling of it – he portrays it with
quasi-religious fervour – upon hearing, and of course seeing, her for himself took
such ideas further. In Mein Leben, he wrote of a ‘miracle … coming to us [in
Leipzig] from Dresden,’ in 1829, a miracle which ‘suddenly have a new direction
to my artistic sensibility and one which was to prove decisive for a lifetime’.
He went on to explain:
This was a brief appearance as
guest star by Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, who stood then at the pinnacle of
her career, young, beautiful, and ardent as no woman I have since seen on the
stage. She appeared in Fidelio.
It is, perhaps, worthy of note
that Wagner should praise her female beauty in a trouser-role. Indeed, a
feature common to many descriptions of the singer was her androgynity (which
was arguably, at this time at least, more often considered with respect to men
than to women, however illogically!) Wagner continued:
When I look back across my
entire life I find no event to place beside this in the impression it produced
on me. Whoever can remember this wonderful woman at that period of her life
will certainly confirm in some fashion the almost demonic fire irresistibly
kindled in them by the profoundly human and ecstatic performance of this
incomparable artist. After the opera was over I dashed to the home of one of my
friends to write a short letter in which I told her succinctly that my life had
henceforth found its meaning, and that if ever she should hear my name
favourably mentioned in the world of art, she should remember that she had on
this evening made of me that which I now vowed to become. I dropped this letter
at Schröder-Devrient’s hotel and ran wildly off into the night. When I came to
Dresden in 1842 to make my debut with Rienzi and could often visit the home of
this artist, who was amiably disposed towards me, she once surprised me by
reciting this letter word for word, for it appears to have made an impression
on her, and she had actually preserved it carefully.
… I wanted to write a work that
would be worthy of Schröder-Devrient.
That is quite a testimony from
the 1860s, looking back. The only problem with it is that Wagner, whether
misremembering or falsifying the past, seems to have substituted this alleged
visit in Fidelio for a visit five years later, in 1834, in which Schröder-Devrient
actually sang in an Italian opera, Bellini’s Romeo und Julia (as it was known
in German translation). Whatever the actual truth of the matter, she mattered
enough for him to rave so long after the event and for him to grant her a place
in his operatic development that could hardly be more honoured. Her Leonore was
famed, in any case, Schröder-Devrient as early as 1822 having achieved great
renown for having shouted rather than sung her defiant ‘Töt erst sein Weib!’
(‘First kill his wife!’) Wagner wanted to trace his lineage, not just in
Beethoven but in Beethoven’s interpreter – and a female, singing and acting
interpreter at that. Interestingly in that respect, Anno Mungen has pointed
out, Schröder-Devrient was praised for her ‘feminine’ eroticism, but also in
‘masculine’ terms, for her ‘genius’.
Schröder-Devrient went on to
create three Wagner roles: Adriano (Rienzi), Senta (The Flying Dutchman) and
Venus (Tannhäuser). That was quite a range, from trouser role, to Romantic
dreamer, to goddess of love and proprietor of the Venusberg. She was well
remunerated: better than Wagner himself was in Dresden, her salary of 4000
thalers compared to his 1500 as Kapellmeister. This, moreover, was a time when
Wagner was making his name not only as a composer – and a German composer, at
that – but was in some sense creating the role of the opera director as we
understand it today.
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| First
performance of Tannhäuser, 19 October 1845. Joseph Tichatschek as Tannhäuser and Schröder-Devrient as Venus. |
For instance, Wagner’s 1847
Dresden production of Gluck’s Iphigénie en Aulide revealed Wagner not only as
conductor but as imaginative editor and composer, a musicologist of sorts. He
even composed a new ending, returning beyond Racine to Euripides, ridding
Gluck’s work of what many have viewed as its disappointingly conventional
concluding marriage between Iphigénie and Achille. From such direct experience
sprang theoretical writings such as Opera and Drama, in which the importance of
an actor’s Gebärde (gesture) features strongly, far more strongly than many
Wagnerians acknowledge – or perhaps wish to acknowledge. Wagner would certainly
be today excoriated as a purveyor of so-called ‘Eurotrash’ in some quarters,
those very quarters – of course – that would ‘protect’ his works against –
well, against people such as Wagner. On which note, I should like to quote a
little of his own retelling of that production and its circumstances, again
from Mein Leben:
The first external claim on my
attention in this new year (1847) was the production of Iphigenia, wherein I
had to prove myself as a stage director as well; indeed, I was even obliged to lend
the most urgent aid to the scene-painters and the machinists. Since the scenes
in this work were strung together clumsily and without apparent connection, I
had to find new ways to enliven the staging, for the problem seemed to me to
lie largely in the conventional treatment of such scenes prevailing at the
Paris Opera during Gluck’s time. … The outcome of the whole thing was
favourable beyond expectation, and even the management was sufficiently amazed
at this exceptional popular success of a Gluck opera to take the initiative and
add my name to the posters from the second performance onward as the author of
the adaptation. This put the press on my heels at once; but this time, I must
say, they did me justice almost entirely: only my treatment of the overture,
the sole piece form this work with which the critics were previously familiar
from the traditional feeble renditions, aroused any great objection.
Schröder-Devrient was, I think,
at the very least a contributor towards Wagner’s conception of opera as drama,
in which, less ironically than dialectically, the greater seriousness afforded
to what, analytically if not necessarily dramatically, we might call
‘non-musical’ elements, actually enhanced the importance of what we might call,
with a similar reservation, the more purely ‘musical’ elements of the work. For
instance, in trying to penetrate to the heart of what opera as drama might
actually be, he wrote in that book of ‘the unspeakable thing which the
orchestra can express with the greatest definition, and indeed, in union with
another unspeakable thing – with gesture.’ It was something at which speech
could only ‘hint’, but which was to the eye what the orchestra was to the ear.
And so, let us return to
someone who might in some senses be considered the Schröder-Devrient of her
time. There are differences, of course. No one would speak in such terms of
Waltraud Meier’s vocal abilities. On the other hand, many would say that ‘the
voice’ is definitely not the thing in itself. I indeed already have. One often
hears, moreover, that her presence on purely audio recordings does not come
across; one notices, in ‘purely’ vocal terms, imperfections. We need, we are
told, to see her on film, or better still, in the theatre. She is – this is a
phrase often employed, and I have done so myself – a ‘stage animal’. Meier,
moreover, is known above all as a Wagnerian singer; other important roles
include those in an emphatically Wagnerian tradition, for instance Klytämnestra
in Strauss’s Elektra – and yes, Leonore in Fidelio. She is also a singer, or a
singing actress, who has happily – and sometimes unhappily, I should admit –
worked with directors who stand very much in Wagner’s own tradition of what we
have, rightly or wrongly, come to know as Regietheater. This is certainly not
an artist who wishes just to ‘stand and sing’, or, in the older, still less
flattering formulation, to ‘park and bark’.
I mentioned her 2003
performance in Lohengrin. Interestingly, when that Moshinsky production was
revived at Covent Garden six years later, without her, albeit with strong
musical performances – more musical, though, than musico-dramatic’ – I noticed
the production far more strongly, and not to its advantage. Having recently
seen Stefan Herheim’s brilliant new production at the Staatsoper in Berlin
probably did not help, but even bearing that in mind, it was not an impressive
experience. I wrote at the time, reviewing it myself:
‘Traditionalists’ might, I
suppose, like this lifeless pageant, in which absurd Christian and pagan totems
are wheeled on and off, a risible combat scene makes one wonder about – but
finally decide against – comedy having being intended, and the direction of the
chorus is more or less limited to walking on and off and having each member
cross himself. ... Most productions, I admit, would look tired, were they
revived after more than thirty years, but I cannot imagine that this had
anything to offer even in 1977.
Then, the following year, 2010,
I saw Meier again in the role, this time at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin. The
production was actually older still, being that Götz Friedrich had created in
1990. If it were hardly avant garde, after numerous revivals, it held its
interest well, and I found that, unlike Moshinsky’s production, it did not
detract from the performances on stage; quite the contrary, it assisted them,
Meier’s included. Despite a problematic Lohengrin, I found much to admire, and crucially, to make me think about, in
tandem with the staging, and, I think, in tandem with that first encounter.
Like Wagner, I remained under the spell of the singing actress, although I am
pretty sure that, in my case, that first encounter actually took place.
… Waltraud Meier, who was,
astonishingly, making her house debut. Ortrud has always been one of her finest
roles, the tessitura fitting her voice extremely well, and the dramatic demands
bringing the best out of her on stage. She can hold an audience in the palm of
her hand even when silent. So it proved here. The malevolence in Ortrud’s
character – Wagner spoke with disgust of her as a ‘female politician’ – is
offset by a clear sense of conviction in the justice of her cause. Moreover,
there is, in Friedrich’s production, an interesting possible twist at the end;
it is perhaps suggested that the new Führer, Gottfried, may have fallen under
her spell. With Meier in the role, one should certainly not write off Ortrud.
So far, so good; but what has
that said, other than that Meier is a fine singing actress, who might have
certain things in common with another fine singing actress of the past? Perhaps
not very much, but I should like, in conclusion, briefly to consider one
further staging, which made me think about just the matters I have been
discussing here. Ironically, it was one which Meier herself (according to an
interview) seems not to have liked herself, but there was no sense whatsoever
of that on stage, her performance as committed as ever. I speak of Peter Konwitschny’s Munich Tristan, which I saw last year. Her two performances, of
which I saw, marked her farewell to the role of Isolde, one of her most
celebrated of all. I gushed somewhat, as I think did everyone in the theatre. I
also returned to some of those preoccupations I have mentioned above, some of
which I think, like Wagner with Schröder-Devrient, I can trace back to that
youthful encounter:
We came, of course, at least
most of us did, above all for Meier. It is a tribute to the performance and
production alike that she did not overshadow but indeed flourished. It would be
unduly perverse, though, to overlook her contribution. Over the years in which
she has sung Isolde, she has offered many, developing virtues, whether related
to production, musical performance, or even the stage of her career. Here,
everything seemed in more or less perfect balance – or, better, fruitful
dialectic. Attention to words was second to none, likewise stage presence.
Sustaining of a vocal line, however, was equally impressive. Suffice it to say,
she did not play Isolde; she was Isolde.
I was also set to think,
however, not just about Konwitschny’s fascinating production, but about the work
‘itself’, or rather not the work itself, rather the work as it existed in its
complicated relationship with performance and production. What do we call Tristan
und Isolde? That might seem a silly question. Tristan und Isolde, surely, and Tristan
for short, although already we come to the exquisite difficulty, as Tristan and
Isolde themselves partly seem – though do they only seem? – to recognise, of
that celebrated ‘und’. Yes, Tristan is just a shortened title, so we should not
necessarily read anything into the disappearance of Isolde, but, whilst we
clearly value both lovers and both singers portraying those lovers more or less
equally – great Tristans perhaps more so, given their ridiculous rarity – it
struck me as perhaps particularly perverse to have been referring to my seeing Tristan
at the Munich Opera Festival, when, like so many in the theatre, I had been
going especially to see and hear Waltraud Meier. I began to wonder whether I
should actually have said I was off to see and to hear a work called Isolde. I
did not, of course, but asking myself the question raised all sorts of other
questions in my mind, concerning tradition, performance, production, both
specific and general. The singing actress with whom I had had not just a
formative operatic experience but a lengthy association as audience member
since had again engaged my mind as well as my emotions, had brought me closer
to a Wagner both authentic and authentically inauthentic; she had contributed
to what Wagner, in Opera and Drama, still in thrall to the example of his own
singing actress, had called the ‘emotionalisation of the intellect’.
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| Receiving applause as Isolde in Munich, 2015 |
